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Patterns and processes of evolution. How evolution and natural selection are reflected in the similarities and differences of organisms. 

Plant cells have a cell wall in addition to a cell membrane, whereas animal cells have only a cell membrane. Plants use cell walls to provide structure to the plant. Plant cells contain organelles called chloroplasts, while animal cells do not. Chloroplasts allow plants to make the food they need to live using photosynthesis.

Introduction to passive and active transport

Food webs are models that demonstrate how matter and energy is transferred between producers, consumers, and decomposers as the three groups interact within an ecosystem. Transfers of matter into and out of the physical environment occur at every level. Decomposers recycle nutrients from dead plant or animal matter back to the soil in terrestrial environments or to the water in aquatic environments. The atoms that make up the organisms in an ecosystem are cycled repeatedly between the living and nonliving parts of the ecosystem.

Mitosis, meiosis and sexual reproduction. Understanding gametes, zygotes, and haploid / diploid numbers.

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Osmosis helps regulate the flow of water in and out of cells, which is crucial to their function.

Overview of animal and plant cells. Topics include cell walls, vacuoles, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, etc.

The Calvin Cycle or the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosynthesis.

Secondary Active Transport in the Nephron.

We can analyse the arrows in a food web to identify producers, primary consumers, secondary consumers, and decomposers.