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Overview of types of immune responses. Difference between innate and adaptive immunity. Differences between humoral adaptive immunity and cell-mediated adaptive immunity.

Patterns and processes of evolution. How evolution and natural selection are reflected in the similarities and differences of organisms. 

Introduction to passive and active transport

Osmosis is the movement of water across a semi-permeable membrane from an area of low solute concentration to an area of high solute concentration. Osmosis helps regulate the flow of water in and out of cells, which is crucial to their function.

The Calvin Cycle or the light-independent (dark) reactions of photosynthesis.

Role of phagocytes in innate or nonspecific immunity. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Secondary Active Transport in the Nephron.