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Overview of animal and plant cells. Topics include cell walls, vacuoles, chloroplasts, peroxisomes, lysosomes, mitochondria, etc.

The particle model of matter is one of the most useful scientific models because it describes matter in all three states. Understanding how the particles of matter behave is vital if we hope to understand science!

The model also helps us to understand what happens to the particles when matter changes from one state to another.

In this unit, you will explore the three phases of matter and then look at the properties and differences between them. You will explore their shape, volume, and kinetic energy.

Meiosis is a process that creates sex cells (gametes) with half the number of chromosomes of the parent cell. Meiosis has two stages: meiosis I and meiosis II. In meiosis I, homologous chromosomes pair up and exchange genetic material (crossing over). In meiosis II, sister chromatids separate, creating four haploid cells.

How homologous chromosomes separate into two sets. Prophase I, metaphase I, anaphase I, and telophase I.

In this unit you will learn about different materials by investigating and observing the behaviour of their properties. This will include learning about the differences between metals and non-metals; whether they are isolators or conductors of electricity and heat, whether they are magnetic, how dense they are and whether they are acidic or basic.

Role of phagocytes in innate or nonspecific immunity. Neutrophils, macrophages, and dendritic cells.

Outcomes:

• Determine if a liquid is acidic, basic, or neutral
• Place acids or bases in relative order
• Describe on a molecular scale, with illustrations, how the water equilibrium varies with pH
• Determine concentration of hydroxide, hydronium and water at a given pH
• Relate liquid color to pH
• Predict (qualitatively and quantitatively) how dilution and volume will affect the pH and concentration of hydroxide, hydronium and water

Even though molecules, proteins, viruses, and cells are all tiny, there are significant size differences between them. The diameter of a water molecule is roughly 0.28 nanometers. The diameter of the protein hemoglobin is roughly 5 nanometers. The diameter of the HIV virus is roughly 120 nanometers. A red blood cell is 6-8 micrometers.

Skeletons support and protect our bodies. Bugs have exoskeletons outside their bodies, while humans have endoskeletons inside. Our bones are in axial (skull, ribcage, spine) and appendicular (arms, legs) groups. Bone marrow makes blood cells; more specifically, red marrow makes blood and yellow marrow stores fat.