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Overview of types of immune responses. Difference between innate and adaptive immunity. Differences between humoral adaptive immunity and cell-mediated adaptive immunity.

DNA is made up of two strands. Each strand has a backbone made up of alternating sugars and phosphate groups. The two strands are linked by complementary nitrogenous bases. The strands are oriented in opposite directions, making the structure "antiparallel".

Video 1: How to calculate the area of a parallelogram
Video 2: Examples relating to calculating the area of a parallelogram
Video 3: Common mistakes made when calculating the area of a parallelogram

Note: After watching each video, click on the 'back button' to return to the VLE

Video 1: How to calculate the area of a trapezium
Video 2: Examples pertaining to calculating the area of a trapezium
Video 3: Common mistakes made when calculating the area of a trapezium

Note: Click on the 'back button' after watching each video, in order to return to the VLE

Binary fission, budding, mitosis, fragmentation, parthenogenesis and sexual reproduction.

Breaking down photosynthesis into light dependent reactions and Calvin cycle..

Meiosis is a process where germ cells divide to produce gametes, such as sperm and egg cells. In prophase I of meiosis, chromosomes condense and homologous recombination takes place, leading to genetic variation through chromosomal crossover. This forms a tetrad, which is made up of four chromatids (two sister chromatids per chromosome).

Outcomes:

• Determine what color the person sees for various combinations of red, green, and blue light.
• Describe the color of light that is able to pass through different colored filters.

Comparison of the processes of mitosis and meiosis. Mitosis produces two diploid (2n) somatic cells that are genetically identical to each other and the original parent cell, whereas meiosis produces four haploid (n) gametes that are genetically unique from each other and the original parent (germ) cell. Mitosis involves one cell division, whereas meiosis involves two cell divisions.

Outcomes:

• Describe how the concept of density relates to an object's mass and volume.
• Explain how objects of similar mass can have differing volume, and how objects of similar volume can have differing mass.
• Explain why changing an object's mass or volume does not affect its density (ie, understand density as an intensive property).
• Measure the volume of an object by observing the amount of fluid it displaces.
• Identify an unknown material by calculating its density and comparing to a table of known densities.